PSI Blog 20200330 Expanding Earth Theory: A Critical Review, Part 1
[GB: Readers have been asking us to review the
Expanding Earth Theory. Although that is a bit removed from our usual focus on
regressive physics and cosmogony, PSI member Bill Howell, a professional
geologist, has consented to do the job. His review consists of three parts.]
Bill
Howell
Geologist, Retired
1) Introduction
About 10 years ago I watched an interesting video by
Neil Adams about the expanding Earth [1].
His video illustrates how all of the Earth’s continents can be fit
together into one land mass by removing the ocean basins and shrinking the
Earth’s radius. I found Adams
presentation both impressive and intriguing.
It was also a bit frustrating though.
The Earth’s rotation is too fast to be able to observe the details, the
music is too loud (and cheezy) and over-rides some of the narration, and the
Earth rotates in the wrong direction.
Overall, the video struck me as just a snazzy Hollywood entertainment
piece. It left me feeling like the
expanding earth idea was not credible and I dismissed it out of hand. When I recently looked into the concept
again, however, I was surprised to discover that it has gained considerable
attention, and that the initial YouTube video I had watched now has over two
million views!
I was even more surprised to discover that serious
scientific research on what’s called the Expanding Earth Theory (EET) has
actually been conducted, professional papers published, and presentations given
at international conferences. EET is a
radical alternative interpretation of the accepted paradigm of Plate Tectonics
Theory (PTT). The fact that professional
scientists would conduct serious research to investigate a theory that runs
counter to an accepted paradigm speaks to a larger issue of the role of
dissident science in our quest to understand the natural world. That by itself warrants a more serious
consideration of the concept than I had previously given it.
The expanding earth concept speaks to the issue of how
we interpret the data science is so good at producing. This, in turn, has sociological ramifications
about how scientific information is communicated to the general public. I suspect that the rise in conspiracy
theories over the past few decades is just as much due to the general public
misinterpreting data as it is from a lack of understanding about what the data
mean. The presence and proliferation of
believers in a Flat Earth is one example of what I mean. In my opinion, improving the way that
scientific information is communicated to the general public is part of the
solution for countering the irrational beliefs and superstitions that
perpetuate debunked conspiracy theories, and which also continue to plague our
civilization (and species).
So, I looked more closely into the arguments
supporting EET to assess and compare them objectively with PTT. I have only a B.S. degree in Earth Sciences
but have been a student of the natural sciences and of Nature for over 50
years. I suspect that most supporters of
an expanding earth do not have a background in the physical sciences and so I’m
writing this essay in a casual style that provides explanations for some of the
concepts involved. I have kept the
technical jargon to a minimum and included some illustrations, links, and
references to help the interested reader.
In addition, I’ve included a hyperlink to some references. With the exception of the first link (below)
to that Neil Adams video, none of these hyperlinks are necessary to activate
before continuing to read this essay.
They are there for the curious who want to know more about a statement
that was just made and/or for the skeptic who needs to validate something that
was just written before they can move on.
My goal is to make this essay understandable and
interesting to both the general public as well as to those who have studied the
physical sciences. My ultimate reason
for writing, however, is that in the process of investigating the EET-PTT
controversy, I developed some ideas that synthesize elements from both models
which might build upon our current understanding of the Earth. This idea incorporates a concept developed by
Dr. Glenn Borchardt regarding a univironmental analytical approach to the
interactions between a microcosm and its macrocosm [2] [3]. To better understand the ETT-PTT controversy
and the concept of univironmental analysis, I ask that you begin by watching
the initial video Adams created at: http://nealadams.com/science-videos/. This one is free, it’s entertaining, and it
will help get everyone on the same page.
Thanks...
2) Dissident
Science
I think you will agree that the video makes an
intriguing and persuasive argument.
Although it’s a cartoon and fudges the details, it does do an impressive
job of fitting the continents back together.
I suspect it is this singular feature that accounts for most of the
support among its believers. The
Wikipedia entry on Expanding Earth [4] provides a short but good summary of the
idea, and states that a consensus of the scientific community rejects the idea
that significant expansion or contraction of the Earth has occurred. The leading proponent of EET is Dr. James
Maxlow, a retired professional geologist who has researched and written about
this concept for many years. I think it
is impressive that a professional geologist will research, publish, and give
presentations about a concept that the scientific community has evaluated and
rejected. Dr. Maxlow’s work is a
testament to the ideals of dissident science.
The value of dissident science is that it can help us
think about ideas from a different perspective.
It can reignite our curiosity, shake our dogmatic slumbers, motivate
further investigation, and sometimes even result in a paradigm shift in our
beliefs. Viewed in this way, dissident
science can be seen as essential to the scientific process and to scientific
progress. History provides numerous
examples where dissident science has confronted dogmatic belief and
(eventually) produced a paradigm shift in our thinking:
• In
the 1500s, Copernicus questioned the geocentric model of Ptolemy, whose system
of epicycles had been the accepted paradigm for centuries. By using more precise data, he developed an
alternative (and controversial) heliocentric model which was subsequently
deemed heretical by the Catholic Church.
• In
the 1600s, Galileo improved on the design of the telescope and conducted
astronomical observations that led him to support the heliocentric model. The Catholic Church forced him to recant his
claim and placed him under house arrest for the rest of his life. But Galileo’s heresy prevailed and in 1992
(only 359 years later), Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo
affair was handled and acknowledged that the Church had erred in condemning him
for asserting that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
• In
the 1910s, Alfred Wegner published his hypothesis on continental drift. Despite a large amount of observational
evidence to support it, his concept was met with skepticism from geologists for
decades. The American Association of Petroleum
Geologists specifically organized a symposium to oppose Wegner’s idea, but his
concept subsequently evolved into the Plate Tectonic Theory that we have today.
• In
the 1920’s, geologist Harlen Bretz suggested that the Columbia River Plateau of
eastern Washington state had been sculpted by a series of cataclysmic
floods. He was ridiculed by the American
geologic community for his “outrageous” hypothesis because it resembled
accounts of the Biblical flood and implied support for Catastrophism, which
contradicted the current paradigm of Uniformitarianism. Bretz defended his theories for over 40 years
before it was acknowledged as being accurate by the Geological Society of
America.
So, given the role that dissident science has played
in our quest to understand the natural world, I sincerely do respect the
efforts of Dr. Maxlow to look at Earth’s geologic history from a different
perspective. Of course, simply having a
different perspective does not mean it is correct. A relevant example is that in 200 BCE,
Aristarchus of Samos proposed the first heliocentric model. It was not adopted because a geocentric model
was the accepted paradigm at that time.
The Ptolemaic system was developed 350 years later and was simply a
refinement of previous Greek geocentric models, but it was accepted because it
was more accurate in explaining the motions of heavenly bodies. It worked so well that it became the accepted
paradigm for over 1,400 years!
The reason this system endured was because, as more
precise data revealed discrepancies in the existing model, additional epicycles
could be added to restore its accuracy.
Although Ptolemy’s system of building epicycles upon epicycles worked
well for over 14 centuries, it was always wrong (theoretical mathematicians
take heed), and it never would have been replaced until dissident scientists
investigated.
So, while dissident science may be essential to
scientific progress, we must also be cautious about accepting its
assertions. This same caution applies of
course to accepted paradigms like the Big Bang and Quantum Physics. In applying this caution, the best advice we
have was given by Dr. Carl Sagan who quipped: “Extraordinary claims require
extraordinary evidence". This
aphorism will help in assessing the expanding earth concept.
Dr. Maxlow presents his research supporting the theory
of an expanding Earth in an extensive, carefully constructed, and impressive
320-page book that was published in 2017 titled: TECTONICS: The Road Not Taken
- A scientific argument for an alternate tectonic understanding of our physical
world [5]. My assessment of EET is
primarily based on a review of some specific chapters and sections in Dr.
Maxlow’s book. I have not extensively
studied the EET concept very much beyond this book. This may seem unfair to ‘EET-ers’, but in
accordance with Dr. Sagan’s advice, I am looking for some very specific
evidence that Dr. Maxlow needs to provide to support his extraordinary claim
that PTT is not the correct solution and that a significant expansion of the
Earth’s radius is responsible for the existence of ocean basins and the current
shapes of the continents.
3) Synopsis of
the Expanding Earth and Plate Tectonic Theories
Dr. Maxlow identifies a spectrum of four possible
models to explain the Earth’s geologic history.
These models are: 1) Increasing Earth Radius (new crustal material is
created at mid-oceanic ridges and is not subducted into the Earth but occupies
the space created by the expansion of Earth’s radius); 2) Pulsating Earth
Radius (crustal material is compressed to form mountains during times of
expansion and is subducted during times of contraction); 3) Partial Increase in
Earth Radius (some crustal material is subducted into the Earth’s mantle but
only during limited and non-continuous times when the radius is increasing);
and, 4) Constant Earth Radius (the current plate tectonics model where crustal
material is subducted into the mantle to compensate for the creation of new crustal
material at the mid-oceanic ridges, and Earth’s radius does not expand).
These models basically range from one extreme to the
other. One end of the spectrum involves
a significant expansion of the Earth’s radius such that no subduction of
crustal material occurs (the Increasing Earth Radius model), and the other end
of the spectrum involves no significant change in Earth’s radius and crustal
material is subducted (the Constant Earth Radius model). The two other models are basically a hybrid
of these extremes. Dr. Maxlow himself
states that the Pulsating Earth model is not supported by any evidence, and so
only the Increasing Earth Radius and Partial Increase in Earth Radius models
warrant further discussion.
Both of the two remaining EET models state that the
Earth was only about half its current size 200 million years ago. As illustrated in Figure 1 (below),
continental landmasses encapsulated the entire planet, and it was the Earth’s
expansion that created the ocean basins.
The PTT model assumes the planet has always been essentially the same
size as it is now, and that continental landmasses were once joined together in
the geologic past but have since split apart and rafted to their current
positions as a result of mantle convection and crustal subduction.
The controversy between the two EET models and PTT is
the result of three fundamental facts:
1. The
shapes of the continents look like a global jig-saw puzzle which can be fit
back together into one piece (as the Neil Simon video illustrates).
2. Although
continental crust over 3 billion years old has been found, no oceanic crust has
been found that is older than 170 million years.
3. New
crustal material is created at, and extends away from, the mid-oceanic
ridges.
Both the EET and the PTT models accept these three
facts. The controversy is about the
interpretation of what these facts mean.
The key feature that differentiates the EET and PTT models is
subduction. Accordingly, evidence for or
against subduction is the key critical component to evaluate in assessing the
validity of Dr. Maxlow’s extraordinary claims about the Earth having
expanded.
Figure 1 From: Tectonics: The Road Not Taken, Dr. James Maxlow,
Terrella Press, 2017 (p. 38) Figure 7.3 Atlantic Ocean small Earth sequential
spreading history, extending from the present-day back to the early-Jurassic.
End of Part 1
With the background material presented above, I can
now move onto presenting some of the evidence that Dr. Maxlow provides to
support the Expanding Earth alternative interpretation. In Part 2, I will describe the Increasing
Earth Radius and the Partial Increase in Earth Radius models in more detail,
and compare the evidence for them with the interpretation that’s offered by
Plate Tectonic Theory. Part 2 also
includes some cool graphics and some neat hyperlinks too! I hope you found Part 1 enjoyable, or at the
least, interesting. Part 2 is even more
interesting! See you next week :-)
Author’s Note:
This is the first of a 3-Part Blog series evaluates the data that resulted in an alternative
scientific interpretation of Earth’s history called the Expanding Earth Theory,
and then compares this concept with the currently accepted paradigm called
Plate Tectonics Theory.
howellb004@gmail.com
References
[1] Neil Adams Expanding Earth video:
http://nealadams.com/science-videos/
[2] The Scientific Worldview - Beyond Newton and
Einstein, Glenn Borchardt, iUniverse, Inc., 2007
[3] Infinite Universe Theory, Glenn Borchardt,
Progressive Science Institute, 2017
[5] Tectonics: The Road Not Taken, Dr. James Maxlow,
Terrella Press, 2017