PSI Blog 20220801 Why the Big Bang Universe Can Never be Older than 13.8 Billion Years
Before the Webb Space Telescope, astronomers
estimated there was evidence for over two trillion galaxies in the observed universe. The recent Webb photo confirms that estimate, with its clarity showing ten
times as many. It takes billions of years for a spiral galaxy to form. Our own
Milky Way is thought to be 13.61 billion years old. One intensely studied “elderly galaxy” in the recent Webb photos has a cosmological redshift of z = 9.1. The record is z = 11.1, which corresponds to only 400 million years after
the supposed Big Bang. It is not possible for a galaxy to form that fast. Even
our tiny little Sun took 4.6 billion years to form.
As I have pointed out many times, these elderly galaxies provide evidence for Infinite
Universe Theory, disproving the Big Bang Theory in the process. So, why do
cosmogonists adhere to the 13.8-billion-year age of the universe in the face of so much
data indicating it is much older?
It all comes down to the interpretation of
cosmological redshifts. When Hubble first observed galactic redshifts, he was apparently
enamored of the doppler effect, jumping to the premature conclusion all the redshifts
of the galaxies he was seeing indicated they were traveling away from us. In
consequence, his biggest mistake was his 1929 title: “A relation between distance and radial velocity among
extra-galactic nebulae.”
In 1931, the good Abbé Lemaître, a priest as well as a physicist, always ready to
justify creationism and science, jumped right on it, writing a paper entitled:
“A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing
Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-galactic Nebulæ.” Hubble could never live that one down, ever since
being blamed for the notion the universe was expanding. He objected many times
to no avail. Lastly, in 1953 Hubble said: "When no recession factors are
included, the law will represent approximately a linear relation between
red-shifts and distance."
So that was the choice cosmologists had to make
concerning cosmological redshifts:
1) galactic recession or
2) a distance effect.
Easily becoming cosmogonists (those who assume the universe had a beginning), they chose the doppler effect to wide
acclaim from most folks (who were religious). Of course, that was not the end of it. Numerous contradictions always
have plagued the Big Bang Theory. For instance, once the cosmological redshift
exceeded z = 1.5, traditional doppler calculations implied distant galaxies were
traveling away from us at greater than the speed of light. By then, however,
cosmogonists and their cosmological brethren were too deep into the paradigm.
Something drastic had to be done.
In following Einstein, cosmogonists assumed the
universal speed limit to be the velocity of light, c. That
something drastic was to assume empty space itself was expanding. Of course,
that perfectly empty space also had to expand at velocities greater c.
Never no mind about that, or about how the equally imaginary culprit, dark energy,
could do that. One reason theoretical physics has been in crisis ever since
1905 is the failure to actually involve physics: the collision of one thing
with another to produce an effect. Since neither perfectly empty space nor
energy exists (energy is a calculation), that is a fundamental problem for the Big Bang Theory.
As you might surmise, none of that reality stuff is of
particular importance for cosmogony. After all, if you can believe in perfectly
empty space and Einstein’s Untired Light Theory, for which there is no real
evidence, then you can go about your mathematical business. You can grasp at
any bit of real evidence, interpreting it to suit your imagined theory.
Now to that question at hand:
Why can the Big Bang Universe Never be Older than 13.8
Billion Years?
In the analysis below, remember these unprovable
fundamental assumptions must be used to adhere to the Big Bang Theory, although they are seldom acknowledged:
1. The universe had a beginning and will have an ending.
2. The universe is finite.
3. The cosmological redshift is a measure of galactic recessional
velocity.
4. The universe is expanding.
5. Gravitation is an attractive force.
6. Einstein’s 4-dimensional space-time theory allows for
curvature of the universe.
While none of these are correct in Infinite
Universe Theory, we need to understand a bit about them to understand the 13.8-billion-year
age.
Wikipedia on 20220728:
“If there is just enough matter in the universe for
its gravitational force to bring the expansion associated with the big bang to
a stop in an infinitely long time, the universe is said to be flat. The flat
universe is the dividing line between an open universe and a closed universe.”
“An important parameter determining the future
evolution of the universe theory is the density parameter, Omega (Ω), defined as the average matter density of
the universe divided by a critical value of that density. This selects one of
three possible geometries depending on whether Ω is equal to, less than,
or greater than 1. These are called, respectively, the flat, open and closed
universes.”
Cosmogonists don’t really know which of these models pertain, so I have included a link you can use to see the effect of changes in the cosmological redshift (z), the Hubble constant (Ho), and the Omega values. As mentioned, redshifts range up to 11.1. The Hubble constant is the subject of much debate, ranging between 73.8 and 69.6, with 70.2 producing the 13.8-billion-year age. As you can see in Figure 1, the whole thing is a mathematical mess. In other words, pick your poison and get whatever you wish:
Figure 1
Recessional velocity versus cosmological redshift according to Big Bang Theory
(Credit: Prof Rob).
Here you can see the contradictions
that arise when galactic velocity instead of distance is calculated from
redshift values. Obviously, cosmogonists must have been shocked when so-called
recessional velocities exceeded those of light, c. They assumed
rightly, that nothing could exceed the velocity of light. Circumlocutions in their math ultimately resulted in the the cosmological redshifts having no effect on the
so-called “age of the universe. Of course, the invention of the incongruous expansion
of perfectly empty space allowed for greater recessional velocities and perhaps
greater ages. Those have not been popular assumptions, and so we are stuck with
the 13.8-billion-year age. Below I have a link to a calculator in which you can
put in various estimates for cosmological parameters. You can change the z
value all you want, but the recipe below will give you nothing but 13.8 billion
years.
Ned Wright’s
Calculator Demonstrating z Values Don’t Change the Age of the Big Bang
Here is an example
you can do yourself. Put these values in the calculator:
Ho =
70.2
OmegaM
= 0
z = 11.1
Omegavac
= 0
Click on “Open”
Note the Omega
values use General Relativity Theory’s 4-dimensional space-time to imagine the universe is
curved positively or negatively. I don’t think GRT is valid, but you might wish
to use them as explained in the link.
Here is an
interesting graph showing the straight-line relationship between the assumed
recessional velocity and distance, which was favored by the younger Hubble
(Figure 2).
Figure 2. Recessional velocity versus distance. Credit: Prof Brad Snowder.
Now, if one chooses
the distance assumption (#2 above) instead, then one can replace “recessional
velocity” with the cosmological redshift (z), which is generally assumed by
cosmogonists to be a measure of galactic distance (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Cosmological redshift versus distance (modification of Figure 2 from Prof. Brad Snowder). Note that this figure is only for illustrative purposes. The z values actually are used with c to calculate velocity with a different equation.
Note that I have not been able to locate a graph plotting
z versus distance like the one above. No one inside or
outside the Big Bang paradigm seems to have done so, although the elder Hubble recanted
his early recessional velocity interpretation implying it actually was a
distance function. By the time I was born,
he had rejected the expanding universe idea. Cosmogonists ignored Hubble, ironically naming the constant for the red shift/distance relation and the first space telescope after him. In the meantime, we are stuck with the imagined 13.8-billion-year age of the universe. Although cosmogonists inevitably will have to increase that, don't expect the mea culpa and the demise of the "Last Creation Myth" any time soon.
To see this on Medium.com, click on this: https://medium.com/@glennborchardt/bbb48b4f5e19?source=friends_link&sk=e6f14036925ac37b2398a3d9b0d35e1b
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