Type III Redshifts Produced by Changes in the Density
of the Medium
In general, a dense medium conducts wave motion faster
than a less dense medium. For instance, sound travels at 343 m/s in air, 1,484
m/s in water, and 5,120 m/s in iron. The main reason for this is the closeness
of the particles involved. That is why you can hear a train coming 15 times
earlier by putting your ear to the railroad track. According to neomechanics,
the medium for light is aether. Light travels at nearly 300,000 km/s in vacuum,
but at only 225,000 km/s in water. This is because crowding by water molecules
allows less room for aether in water than in vacuum. Because of this reduction
in aether density, the wavelength (l) of
light traveling from air to water is reduced according to the equation:
lwater = lair/n (1)
The refractive index (n) for water is (300,000 km/s)/(225,000 km/s) = 1.333. The wavelength of light is shortened to 75% of what it would have been in vacuum. Thus, sodium light with a wavelength of 589 nm in air has a wavelength of 442 nm in water. The number of cycles per second (frequency), however, remains unchanged, but because the light is slower, it travels less distance during each cycle, resulting in a shorter wavelength. As an example, if a 100 cycle/s wave travelled in air at about 300,000 km/s, it would have a length of 3,000 km. If the 100 cycle/s wave travelled in water at 225,000 km/s, it would have a length of 2,250 km. After leaving the water for the aether-rich air, the wave again would have a length of 3,000 km. Again, during the transition from water-to-air, the number of cycles/s would not change—only the velocity of light would change due to the increased aether density in air. The color of light is dependent on the frequency, not the wavelength. Thus, red laser light entering and exiting a glass of water remains red throughout the process. Note that this is another proof that light is a wave and not a particle. If it were a particle, it would require a tremendous, inordinately mysterious force for it to accelerate instantaneously from 225,000 km/s to 300,000 km/s. Of course, regressive physicists have a nice song and dance for the gullible explaining how “light particles” maintain the 300,000 km/s velocity while spinning around and being absorbed and emitted by water molecules.
One of the most important Einsteinisms (predictions
that come true, but for the wrong reason) is termed the “gravitational
redshift.” By using his corpuscular theory of light, Einstein predicted that
photons would gain energy under the "pull" of gravity, becoming
blueshifted. Photons leaving a gravitational field would lose energy as they
“fought against gravity,” becoming redshifted. A famous experiment performed by
Pound and Rebka (1960)[1] at a 22.5-m tower at
Harvard showed that electromagnetic radiation indeed was blueshifted when
directed down the tower and redshifted when directed up the tower. Many
subsequent experiments have confirmed the effect, with light emitted from all
sources, such as galaxies and even galactic clusters being redshifted.
The neomechanical explanation of the misnamed
“gravitational redshift” denies that light can be affected by gravity, simply
based on the assumption that light is motion, not matter. What is affected
by gravity is the diluent contaminating the aether medium through which the
light wave travels. As in the water example, the aether in Earth’s atmosphere
is diluted by ordinary baryonic matter—mostly nitrogen and oxygen. Because
there is less aether, light will travel slower near sea level than at high
altitude where there is more aether. As we mentioned previously, aether
pressure varies inversely with atmospheric pressure[2].
In this, Einstein once again got lucky. Even
though light is not a particle, as he had assumed, gravity causes the
macroscopic conditions that influence the transmission of light waves, but
gravity does not directly affect the waves.
Now, this effect is tiny, with the index of refraction
of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level being only 1.000277. This means that light
under natural conditions in the atmosphere travels at (300,000 km/s) / 1.000277
= 299,917 km/s—0.0277% slower than in vacuum. For yellow light with a
wavelength of 589 nm, the reduction in velocity due to Earth’s entire
atmosphere would produce a reduction in wavelength of only 0.163 nm, which
normally would be undetectable. Nonetheless, the Mossbauer setup used by Pound
and Rebka was so sensitive that they were able to claim a frequency change of
only 1 part in 1015 for the gamma rays they used. In terms of
wavelength, this would be a reduction in the 589-nm wavelength of sodium light
by only 5.89 X 10-13 nm. The wavelength of light going away
from Earth would be increased by a similarly tiny amount, as the velocity of
light increases due to increasing aether density. Now, Pound and Rebka were
exceedingly clever in that they used flowing helium gas to displace the
atmospheric gases that would have produced the above degree of natural refraction.
Thus, their measurement involves no significant refraction because the
refractive index of helium gas is negligible and, in any case, would not be
expected to have a significant gravitational gradient within the 22.5 m used in
the experiment. On the other hand, aether, being densest in the distal portion
of the vortex formed by each rotating body, such as Earth, always has a
pressure gradient. That is, after all, what produces gravity according to our
Neomechanical Gravitation Theory. This means that the "gravitational
redshift" is produced by two factors: 1) natural refraction in the
atmosphere and 2) increases in distal aether density due to vortex rotation of
the cosmic body in question.
The result is a redshift indeed, but it is not a direct effect of gravitation as Einstein supposed. It is simply due to refraction and/or the aether pressure gradient surrounding all massive bodies, the same petard that bedevilled Eddington’s “proof” that space was curved and that light was affected by gravity in 1919. As in the Eddington experiment, it certainly is no proof that light is a particle, as erroneously interpreted by Pound and Rebka and Einstein’s followers. The equation for the experiment can be expressed as:
c = lu (2)
Where:
c = velocity of light,
300,000 km/s
l = wavelength, nm
u = frequency, cycles/s
This implies that, if c is
assumed constant, then frequency must increase whenever wavelength decreases.
If c should actually decrease due to refraction, as it does in water, then the wavelength would decrease by the
corresponding fraction while the frequency
would not. However, by assuming that both c and
l were constant, Pound and Rebka were forced to
conclude instead that the frequency actually increased.
Because there is no known reason for frequency to change during refraction,
they then attributed the faux frequency shift to gravitation and its attendant
“time dilation.” Thus if one erroneously assumes that time can dilate, each
second would be slightly longer, the frequency would then remain the same, and c would
too. This is the origin of "time dilation" in relativity, even
though time is motion and cannot possibly dilate or contract. Dilation is
invariably used to protect the constancy of c and
maintain the ruse that light does not need a medium. The upshot on Pound
and Rebka: good data; bad interpretation.
[1] Pound, R.V., and Rebka, G.A.,
1960, Apparent Weight of Photons: Physical Review Letters, v. 4, no. 7, p.
337-341.
[2] Borchardt, Glenn, and Puetz,
S.J., 2012, Neomechanical gravitation theory (
http://www.worldsci.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6529.pdf ), in Volk,
G., Proceedings of the Natural Philosophy Alliance, 19th Conference of the NPA,
25-28 July: Albuquerque, NM, Natural Philosophy Alliance, Mt. Airy, MD, v. 9,
p. 53-58.
2 comments:
Glen, I do not understand this phrase "This is because crowding by water molecules allows less room for aether in water than in vacuum." I know what you are saying but where do the "thrown away aether particles go? Do they bounce off water? Where do they go? I'm not picturing that part. Seems like they would All continue through. Maybe at a different speed?
Aether particles are what baryonic matter is made of. They don’t “bounce off water,” but are crowded out by the baryonic matter in water. In other words, wherever there is baryonic matter (complexed aether), there can be no free, active aether, which is what is required for light transmission. It is sort of like running across a grassy field compared to running through the jungle. The presence of thick vegetation, as well as the presence of water molecules, is sure to slow you down. Once you get through the jungle, you can travel at your regular velocity. Light behaves the same way.
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