Space-time is Aether II

PSI Blog 20260406 Space-time is Aether II

Aether Evidence

Are aether particles vortices like this Sobrero Galaxy? Hint: light is a transverse-wave, while sound is a longitudinal-wave in the atmosphere.

 

In the previous post I presented a summary of Einstein’s initial aether denial and his eventual leaning toward space-time as its replacement. While the mysticism underlying relativity remained, tests of effects purported due to space-time accumulated. The shibboleth that “Einstein is always right” became popular. That is not surprising because the physical reason for all that success simply is due to the ubiquitous aether, the dark matter that pervades the entire universe. In other words, the good Professor took away the aether and then replaced it as a contraption with a different name.

 

In this post I will present short summaries of the evidence for aether. Most of this is ignored by regressive physicists and cosmogonists whose primary characteristic is aether denial. One thing you will note in my interpretations is steadfast adherence to “The Ten Assumptions of Science.” In particular, they eschew “kinetic” theory altogether. That is the great advantage given by the acceptance of aether begotten from the Second Assumption of Science, causality (All effects have an infinite number of material causes), which, like infinity itself assumes matter is infinitely divisible. Although aether deniers must consider that to be farfetched, it is not as irrational as the fantasies engendered by their regressive interpretations of physics and cosmogony.

 

The rest of this post is from Appendix II in the review manuscript of my next book tentatively entitled “Rationality and the Rise of Infinite Universe Theory.” The links and documentation will be in that book.

 

Rational Interpretations Of Relativity Experiments

 

Michelson-Morley Experiment Fails to Detect a Fixed Ether (1887)

 

This experiment assumed Maxwell’s dynamic aether was relatively fixed in space independent of Earth. That would mean Earth’s motion (30 km/s) around the Sun would produce an “ether wind” just like the wind in your face when you run on a calm day. Michelson and Morley used an interferometer invented by Michelson to measure the fringe produced by the intersection of two parts of a split light beam. Half of the beam was traveling in the same direction Earth was traveling and the other half was traveling perpendicular to it. The beam going in Earth’s direction would be shortened, producing a fringe with respect to the perpendicular beam. The width of the fringe would be proportional to Earth’s velocity. The observed fringe was tiny and considered insignificant. The result was said to be “the most famous null experiment in history.” That is repeated endlessly in regressive physics classes throughout the world. It remains so despite subsequent experiments showing how irrational that is. 

 

Unfortunately, the Michelson-Morley Experiment was faulty to begin with. They forgot to consider that the aether they were attempting to detect might be attached to Earth just like our atmosphere. In that case, trying to detect aether in a basement at an altitude of 200 m would be like trying to detect the jet stream there as well. Hundreds of thousands of subsequent interferometer measurements with more advanced equipment show results that are a function of altitude (Figure 43).

 

Figure 43. Galaev’s interferometer measurements vs. altitude are a function of the square root of altitude while atmospheric pressure reduction is a direct function of altitude (Borchardt, 2007, Fig. 82).

 

Not only do these data prove there is an aether, it also proves it is attached to Earth. And like our atmosphere, it gradually gives way to its surroundings at increasing altitude. In that case measurements of the sought for “fixed ether” increase with increases in altitude. Nonetheless, the 30 km/s differential due to Earth’s revolution would not be found until measurements were taken in the stratosphere with equipment unencumbered by any sort of containment. Even then, the revolution of the solar system around the Milky Way would have to be taken into account.

 

Sagnac Proves Light is a Wave in the Aether (1913)

 

Georges Sagnac used interference to prove light was a wave and not a particle. He attached his light source to a spinning wheel to show that the velocity of the wheel was not added to the velocity of light as it would be if light was a particle.  Nonetheless, irrational physicists accepted Michelson and Morley’s misinterpretation of their experiment as proof aether did not exist. They erroneously assumed that was true, dismissing Sagnac’s results instead.

 

The de Sitter Double Star Observations Confirm Light is not a Particle (1913)

 

Sometimes two stars revolve around a central point in space.  An imagined light particle emitted from star A going toward us would travel toward us at a velocity of c plus the velocity of A. A particle emitted from star B going away from us would travel toward us at c minus the velocity of B:

Willem de Sitter found no evidence for this effect. As proclaimed in his paper, this was proof that the velocity of light was constant.  Naïve physicists once again grabbed onto this as proof of Einstein’s relativity because he had assumed light velocity was constant (like it would be if light was a wave in a medium). Only waves can have constant velocity. Real particles, like baseballs and bullets, always lose velocity over distance. As mentioned in the previous post, Einstein was so desperate to claim light was a special particle that he invented eight irrational ad hocs in support. That amounted to being what I call his “Untired Light Theory.” The upshot was that both Sagnac and de Sitter had shown conclusively that light was a wave and not a particle. Sagnac even correctly proclaimed the medium was aether. Regressive physicists and cosmogonists have ignored that for over a century.

 

The irrationality shown by this affair is typical of all the so-called “proofs” of relativity I have studied so far. Relativity is advertised as revolutionary. That it is: counterrevolutionary—a switch from the semi-irrationality of classical mechanics to the full-scale irrationality and happenstance of relativity.

 

Eddington Eclipse Observation Declares Einstein the Greatest Genius (1919)

 

The reception of Special Relativity Theory was met with much controversy and resistance. A major mistake in it was Einstein’s erroneous equivalence of distance and time.  This category jump essentially was an objectification of motion. Previously, all phenomena were viewed in terms of matter and motion. Matter was an XYZ portion of the universe and motion was what matter did. Newton’s Laws of Motion ruled physics. As I have pointed out, these were adequate except for one thing, their being founded on the fundamental religious assumption of finity.

 

Unfortunately, instead of switching to the fundamental scientific assumption of infinity, Einstein’s so-called “revolution” continued with finity and its associated religious assumptions becoming a counterrevolution. As mentioned, this entailed eight imaginary, surreptitious ad hocs for converting light waves into particles. He continued in that vein when he concocted “space-time” in his General Relativity Theory by assuming time was a 4th dimension. That became crucial in providing the foundation for what was to become the “Last Creation Myth.” It was needed to explain the fact there was no central point from which the obvious 3-D universe could expand.

 

Einstein predicted that curved empty space-time would cause light to bend around the Sun. He even got specific: the bending toward the Sun would be 1.75 arcsec. That isn’t much:  0.000486 degrees. Still, this meant that a star behind the Sun could be seen during an eclipse when the Sun’s normal brightness would be subdued.

 

This prediction was tested by Sir Arthur Eddington, a lifelong Quaker considered a “mystical realist,” who sought to mend the science/religion rift.  Being a pacifist, he also favored a reproachment between England and Germany after WWI. The glorification of Einstein became symbolic of that effort, with the predicted “space-time” being an opportune target during the eclipse of 1919.

 

Despite the rather rudimentary equipment and faced with intermittent overcast, some data were obtained in favor of Einstein’s prediction. There have been naysayers in the dissident community, with Dr. Edward Dowdye, a former NASA physicist maintaining that the predicted deflection occurred only in the plasma rim of the Sun.  That would have falsified Einstein’s space-time conjecture.

 

However, subsequent work by D.G. Bruns clearly demonstrated light bending occurred at least five solar radii from the Sun in what Dowdye had proclaimed to be “empty vacuum space.” That was proof Einstein was right—sort of. As mentioned above, the problem with his relativity is that there is no there there. The idea that Einstein’s and Dowdye’s assumed perfectly empty space cause massless light particles to curve around the Sun was preposterous. Nonetheless, relativity is a kinetic theory, one that describes and predicts events, but offers no physical causes for those events. Newton’s theory of gravitation—attraction—also is a kinetic theory. It describes the acceleration of gravity, but hypothesizes no accelerator. In both cases “attraction” still is offered as a cause, but no physical mechanism for that has been offered either. Attraction is especially outrageous when regressive physicists casually apply it to Einstein’s massless photon.

 

So, what was the physical reason for light bending and what, if anything, did Einstein’s space-time have to do with it? There are hints in the sections above but, when properly interpreted, the data from the famous Pound-Rebka experiment make it clear:

 

Pound-Rebka and the “Gravitational Redshift” (1960)

 

This infamous experiment is at once revealing in its relativity pandering title.  The implied “weight” of photons was never furnished. Again, Einstein’s imaginary photons are supposed to be massless. Truth is, in regressive physics sometimes they is and sometimes they ain’t. And sometimes they are both at the same time. Despite the silly interpretations, the Pound-Rebka experiment actually provided some useful data with respect to the properties of the aether medium.

 

It involved sending an electromagnetic wave (a gamma ray, essentially a tiny light wave) up a 22.5m tower at Harvard. They reported a decrease in frequency was measured resulting in a redshift. When a wave was sent down the tower, they reported an increase in frequency resulting in a blueshift. Einstein had predicted those results. He claimed his imaginary light particles, though massless, would have to fight gravitation while going away from Earth, losing energy, as evidenced by the redshift. They would gain energy going toward. In tune with Einstein and relativity, Pound and Rebka assumed light velocity was constant. The main problem: It was not.

 

The equation for wavelength is:

 

Wavelength = velocity/frequency

 

Wavelength would increase if velocity increased or frequency decreased. The reported change in frequency is bizarre. There is no reason for frequency to change. Frequency is set at the light source. For instance, when light enters water its wavelength and velocity decreases by 25%, but its frequency does not.  Still, like all good regressive physicists Pound and Rebka continued to protect Einstein’s assumption light velocity was constant. They ended up using a common relativistic trick: the imagined time dilation ad hoc. That resulted in a calculated lower frequency and longer wavelength for light going up the tower. Of course, time is motion and motion cannot dilate. Baring that leaves a change in velocity as the only significant factor per the equation above. If velocity increased, then wavelength would increase. That is really what happened in the Pound-Rebka experiment. Again, waves going away from Earth increased in wavelength and those going toward it decreased in wavelength. As seen in the water/air comparison, velocity in a medium is controlled by that medium. Could it be that the aether medium changed with altitude?

 

It did. This proper interpretation has huge ramifications for theoretical physics and cosmology. Although the wavelength changes detected with the Mossbauer equipment were tiny (10^-15 nm) they have been confirmed many times in studies of the much greater redshift of light from much larger cosmic bodies than Earth. Although the phenomenon is still called the “gravitational redshift,” its association with gravitation is only indirect and not at all what Einstein envisioned. It is typical for what I call an “Einsteinism” in which he luckily got the right answer, but for the wrong reason.

 

Early on, Steve and I realized what it really meant for gravitation.  As mentioned, gravitation previously had no mechanical cause. A mechanical cause always involves one thing colliding with another thing in the same way a baseball bat hits the ball, causing it to fly over the fence. Both Einstein’s space-time and Newton’s “attraction” are vacuous. In essence, they involve kinetic equations that describe the flight of the ball without any mention of the bat. In this case, the “bat” is too tiny to be observed. In regressive physics, defined by aether denial, the physical cause of gravitation never can be known.

 

Aether Deceleration Theory

 

Actually, the cause of gravitation is rather simple.  It is well known that gravitation is an acceleration. We even know its value for Earth: 9.81 m/s². Per Newton’s Second Law of Motion, this means that acceleration must be produced by some collider. Those collisions amount to being pushes, not the magical pulls of the moribund attraction theory. There is even a book written about a push theory, although, like the push theory Newton once proposed, it is incorrect. Even pulling on a door knob actually involves your fingers pushing on the knob from the side away from you. Any attraction theory is magical: there is no there there.

 

The colliders that cause acceleration necessarily must be decelerated as a result. Their motion would be slowed and many of them would tend to hang around every object with which they collided. The density of the medium would increase as a result. Now you can see where this is going. From Galaev’s compilation we already established that there is an aetherosphere around Earth. Turns out that like everything else in the Infinite Universe the responsible particles (“aetherons”) have mass. They are subject to gravitation too, being pushed toward Earth by higher velocity previously distal aetherons not yet decelerated.

 

This is where the Pound-Rebka data come into play. Remember they actually showed the velocity of light increased distally and decreased proximally. It turns out velocity is a function of the pressure/activity of the particles in a medium. The higher the pressure, the higher the velocity. Light waves going away from Earth enter an aether medium that has a gradual increase in pressure allowing light to speed up. As in the water example, this means wavelengths will get longer as they leave Earth: the so-called “gravitational redshift.”

 

The upshot is that high pressure distal aether supplies the particles that result in gravitation. They collide with ordinary matter, keeping it from falling apart and keeping you from floating off into space. It is why most cosmic bodies are spherical and surrounded by decelerated aether as Zwicky and Rubin showed to be “Dark Matter.” The resulting aetherosphere surrounds all matter and is responsible for another “Einsteinism:” curved empty space-time. The curved path taken by starlight around the Sun and by satellites around Earth occurs when waves or objects enter the aetherosphere. They encounter less resistance (slightly lower pressure) on the Earthward side than on the outer space side (slightly higher pressure). The path of least resistance is the one between the two. It is curved because the aetherosphere is curved, being attached to the curved surface of our spherical Earth just like the atmosphere. Thus, Einstein’s “space-time” is simply the aether, through which light waves travel at c whether in a straight line from a distant galaxy or in a curve in the aetherosphere around a cosmic object

 

There are other ramifications. It is well known that clock speed increases slightly with altitude. The timing for GPS satellites needs to keep that into account. The physical cause of that speedup previously was unknown, although Einstein said it was due to gravitation being weaker there—a disingenuous reason at best, since that would have made them slower instead. Actually, it is just the opposite: It is due to the increase in the number of impacts produced as aether pressure increases with altitude. All clocks measure the motion of matter and those aetheron impacts tend to increase that motion. That is why clocks on the Moon run 57 microseconds faster each day than they do on Earth.

 

Gravitational Waves are Shock Waves (2017)

 

Einstein’s General Relativity Theory predicts there are gravitational waves. The LIGO experiment involving hundreds of researchers and a cost of $2 billion was set up to detect them with instruments all around the world. The first experiment involved the collision of two black holes. A tiny blip was the first inkling he might have been right.  Within a year, there was another one. This time it involved two neutron stars crashing together in our own galaxy.  The most significant observation was the arrival of a shock wave and a light wave from the event at the same time. This proved both waves traveled at the same velocity: c. That meant that both waves were coming from the event in the same medium: aether. Of course, regressive physicists thought differently, blaming it on the magical compression and expansion of the perfectly empty “space-time” of General Relativity.  Chalk the LIGO experiment up as just another “Einsteinism”: right for the wrong reason. The misnamed “gravitational waves” have nothing to do with gravitation, which is relatively local per the “Aether Deceleration Theory” above. Good thing we don’t have to depend on those infrequent “gravitational waves” to keep us on the ground! These shock waves are interesting for studying megaevents seeing them and “hearing” them at the same time. Too bad none of the 1011 authors caught the faulty interpretation. Again, the correct interpretation was that Einstein’s “space-time” simply was the aether medium.

 

There are many more rational interpretations to the so-called proofs of relativity and cosmogony. There are other ramifications, but you get the point. The proper interpretations imply that theoretical physics needs revamping so much so that it will have to leave relativity behind. In doing so, cosmogony will have to be abandoned as well. All the data collected to prove Einstein right will have to be reinterpreted. Nonetheless, we might agree with Einstein when he said “For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstition.” Too bad that didn’t stop him from basing all of relativity on “The Ten Assumptions of Religion.” Humanity is growing up. Eventually, we will put the “physical” back into “physics” and we will no longer be afflicted with the “Last Creation Myth.”

 

  

PSI Blog 20260406

 

 

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