Credit:
Prochaska and Macquart
(2020).
Einstein’s
crucial assumption that space is perfectly empty continues to be battered by
mean old data. Einstein’s light particles have to travel through the universe
at a constant velocity without losing energy. Of course, light is not a
particle. It is a wave, as Sagnac showed in 1913.[1]
All real particles lose velocity over distance. The velocity of wave motion is
controlled by the medium and therefore is constant over distance. It too,
losses energy, with wave lengths increasing over distance.
Thanks
to Marilyn for this heads up on this research summarized by J. Xavier Prochaska
and Jean-Pierre Macquart. The takeaway here is what happens to certain radio
waves when they travel through the universe. They review one of the first
discoveries indicating space was not empty:
“This
was termed the “warm-hot intergalactic medium” and nicknamed “the WHIM.” The
WHIM, if it existed, would solve the missing baryon problem but at the time
there was no way to confirm its existence.
In
2001, another piece of evidence in favor of the WHIM emerged. A second team
confirmed the initial prediction of baryons making up 5% of the universe by
looking at tiny temperature fluctuations in the universe’s cosmic microwave
background [CMB]…”
This
was the famous Nobel-prize work of Penzias and Wilson of Bell Labs, who
published two papers on their discovery of the CMB in 1965.[2] Of
course, these data had to be erroneously interpreted by others as confirmation
of the Big Bang Theory, which assumes the universe was once a million degrees.
Universal expansion during the last 13.8 billion years is supposed to have led
to the cooling indicated by the CMB measurement.
Of
course, their data proved no such thing. They actually were a disproof of the
theory, since the expansion hypothesis on which the Big Bang Theory is based itself
requires perfectly empty space. The temperature of perfectly empty space would
have been 0oK. Instead, it was about 2.7oK. Temperature,
of course, is the motion of matter. Any temperature above 0oK would
mean there was matter in outer space.
That
matter is what the current study was searching for. The CMB data came up with
only half of the 5% cosmic matter predicted by the assumptions of Big Bang
Theory.
The
current study uses the 2007-discovery
of fast radio bursts (FRB):
“FRBs are extremely
brief, highly energetic pulses of radio emissions. Cosmologists and astronomers
still don’t know what creates them, but they seem to come from galaxies far,
far away.[3]
As these bursts of
radiation traverse the universe and pass through gasses and the theorized WHIM,
they undergo something called dispersion.”
“…when radio waves
pass through matter, they are briefly slowed down. The longer the wavelength,
the more a radio wave “feels” the matter. Think of it like wind resistance. A
bigger car feels more wind resistance than a smaller car.
The “wind resistance”
effect on radio waves is incredibly small, but space is big. By the time an FRB
has traveled millions or billions of light-years to reach Earth, dispersion has
slowed the longer wavelengths so much that they arrive nearly a second later
than the shorter wavelengths.”
Now, light waves,
using the same aether medium, also slowdown in contact with baryonic (ordinary)
matter. That slowdown is responsible for simple refraction—a process we measure
as the “index of refraction.” Remember, the velocity of light is 300 million
meters per second in air and 225 million meters per second in water. That is
why light slows and becomes curved as it enters and exists a planetary atmosphere.
We call that the “Shapiro Effect.”[4]
So this is yet another observation proving there is no perfectly empty space,
no particles of light requiring it, no universal expansion, or Big Bang.
[1] Borchardt, Glenn,
2017, Infinite Universe Theory: Berkeley, California, Progressive Science
Institute, 337 p. [http://go.glennborchardt.com/IUTebook]. Ch.15.1.
[2] Penzias, A. A., and Wilson, R. W., 1965, A Measurement of Excess
Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s: The Astrophysical Journal, v. 142, p. 419.
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142..419P].
Penzias, A. A., and Wilson, R. W.,
1965, Measurement of the Flux Density of CAS a at 4080 Mc/s: The Astrophysical
Journal, v. 142, p. 1149.
[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApJ...142.1149P].
[3] Actually, a more recent discovery has fairly good evidence that a
fast radio burst came from a “magnetar,” which is a highly magnetic, dense star
in our own galaxy:
[4] Borchardt, Glenn,
2017, Infinite Universe Theory: Berkeley, California, Progressive Science
Institute, 337 p. [http://go.glennborchardt.com/IUTebook]. Ch. 17.5.
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